{"id":1537,"date":"2024-05-21T10:05:02","date_gmt":"2024-05-21T08:05:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dirittoeconomiacircolare.com\/?p=1537"},"modified":"2026-04-09T12:10:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-09T10:10:01","slug":"international-tribunal-for-the-law-of-the-sea-itlos-21-may-2024-advisory-opinion-no-31-climate-change-and-international-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dirittoeconomiacircolare.com\/en\/2024\/05\/21\/international-tribunal-for-the-law-of-the-sea-itlos-21-may-2024-advisory-opinion-no-31-climate-change-and-international-law\/","title":{"rendered":"International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), May 21, 2024, Advisory Opinion, No. 31, Climate Change and International Law"},"content":{"rendered":"
Elena Sandulli<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n

In its Advisory Opinion on climate change the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) clarifies States\u2019 obligations concerning climate change under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including those set out in Part XII, following a request from the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il Tribunale stabilisce che le emissioni di gas a effetto serra di origine antropica rilasciate nell\u2019atmosfera costituiscono \u201cinquinamento marino\u201d ai sensi dell\u2019UNCLOS. Ne consegue che gli Stati aderenti a tale Convenzione sono soggetti agli obblighi di prevenire, ridurre e controllare tale forma di inquinamento. Tali obblighi, previsti principalmente nella Parte XII UNCLOS, impongono agli Stati di adottare tutte le misure necessarie a tal fine sulla base di uno standard di due diligence rigoroso, informato dalle migliori conoscenze scientifiche disponibili, dal principio di precauzione e dal diritto internazionale applicabile al cambiamento climatico, ivi inclusi la Convenzione quadro delle Nazioni Unite sui cambiamenti climatici (UNFCCC) e l\u2019Accordo di Parigi. Ci\u00f2 include la regolamentazione della condotta degli attori non statali sottoposti alla giurisdizione o al controllo degli Stati e misure volte a garantire l\u2019effettiva attuazione di tali norme. Inoltre, il Tribunale individua un obbligo generale di due diligence, ai sensi dell\u2019UNCLOS, volto a proteggere e preservare l\u2019ambiente marino dagli impatti connessi al cambiamento climatico quali il riscaldamento degli oceani, l\u2019innalzamento del livello del mare e l\u2019acidificazione degli oceani, e che pu\u00f2 comprendere anche misure dirette al ripristino di habitat ed ecosistemi marini degradati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sebbene il Tribunale non affronti esplicitamente il tema dell\u2019economia circolare, la sua elaborazione degli obblighi climatici degli Stati nell\u2019ambito dell\u2019UNCLOS pu\u00f2 incidere indirettamente sul dibattito relativo alla trasformazione circolare dei modelli economici, nonch\u00e9 sullo sviluppo e sull\u2019attuazione dei relativi concetti giuridici a livello internazionale, regionale e interno. In particolare, l\u2019interpretazione della nozione di \u201cinquinamento marino\u201d offerta nel parere consultivo pu\u00f2 risultare rilevante de jure condendo ai fini dell\u2019inquadramento giuridico degli impatti antropici sull\u2019ambiente marino, che comprendono \u2014 ma non si limitano \u2014 alle emissioni di gas ad effetto serra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
Read the judgement<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In its Advisory Opinion on climate change the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) clarifies States\u2019 obligations concerning climate change under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including those set out in Part XII, following a request from the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS).<\/p>","protected":false},"author":276880106,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"{\"document\":\"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internazionale per il diritto del mare (ITLOS), 21 maggio 2024, parere consultivo, n. 31, Cambiamento climatico e diritti internazionale - Diritto dell'economia circolare<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dirittoeconomiacircolare.com\/en\/2024\/05\/21\/international-tribunal-for-the-law-of-the-sea-itlos-21-may-2024-advisory-opinion-no-31-climate-change-and-international-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tribunale internazionale per il diritto del mare (ITLOS), 21 maggio 2024, parere consultivo, n. 31, Cambiamento climatico e diritti internazionale - Diritto dell'economia circolare\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In its Advisory Opinion on climate change the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) clarifies States\u2019 obligations concerning climate change under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including those set out in Part XII, following a request from the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS).\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dirittoeconomiacircolare.com\/en\/2024\/05\/21\/international-tribunal-for-the-law-of-the-sea-itlos-21-may-2024-advisory-opinion-no-31-climate-change-and-international-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Diritto dell'economia circolare\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-05-21T08:05:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-09T10:10:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Elena Sandulli\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elena Sandulli\" 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